Malta: Country Facts
Malta, an archipelago in the central Mediterranean, is known for its rich history and stunning architecture. Its capital is Valletta. With a population of around 500,000, it covers an area of approximately 316 square kilometers. Malta boasts a unique cultural heritage influenced by Phoenician, Roman, Arab, Norman, and British civilizations. The Maltese language, a blend of Semitic and Romance languages, is one of the country’s official languages. Malta’s economy is driven by tourism, manufacturing, and financial services. The island is also famous for its prehistoric temples, including the UNESCO World Heritage site of Ħaġar Qim.
Prehistoric Settlements and Ancient Times (Before 870 BCE)
Neolithic Settlements
Malta has a rich prehistoric heritage, with evidence of human settlement dating back over 7,000 years. The archipelago is home to several impressive Neolithic temples, including Ġgantija and Ħaġar Qim, which are among the oldest free-standing structures in the world.
Phoenician and Carthaginian Influence
In the 8th century BCE, Phoenician traders established settlements on Malta, followed by Carthaginian rule in the 6th century BCE. Malta became an important trading outpost in the central Mediterranean, contributing to its cultural and economic development.
Roman Rule
Malta came under Roman control in 218 BCE during the Punic Wars. Under Roman rule, Malta flourished as a center of trade and commerce, with the construction of roads, aqueducts, and public buildings.
Christianity and Byzantine Period
Christianity was introduced to Malta during the Roman era and became the dominant religion by the 4th century CE. Malta remained part of the Byzantine Empire until the Arab conquest in the 9th century.
Arab and Norman Rule (870 – 1194)
Arab Conquest
In 870 CE, the Aghlabids, a Muslim dynasty based in North Africa, conquered Malta, bringing Islam to the islands. Arab rule had a lasting impact on Malta’s language, culture, and architecture, with Arabic influencing the Maltese language.
Norman Conquest
The Normans, under the leadership of Roger I of Sicily, conquered Malta in 1091, bringing the islands under Norman rule. The Normans introduced feudalism and Catholicism to Malta, laying the foundations for the medieval period.
Feudal System and Church Influence
During the Norman period, Malta was organized into a feudal system, with land divided among noble families and the church. The Catholic Church played a central role in governance, education, and social life.
Cultural Exchange
Malta became a melting pot of cultures during the Arab and Norman periods, with influences from Arabic, Norman, and Byzantine civilizations shaping the island’s identity. This cultural exchange enriched Malta’s language, cuisine, and traditions.
Medieval Malta under the Knights Hospitaller (1194 – 1798)
Arrival of the Knights Hospitaller
In 1530, the Knights Hospitaller, also known as the Knights of Malta, were granted sovereignty over Malta by Emperor Charles V of Spain. The knights established their headquarters in Valletta and transformed Malta into a formidable fortress.
The Great Siege of Malta
In 1565, the Ottoman Empire launched a massive siege on Malta in an attempt to conquer the island. The Knights Hospitaller, aided by local Maltese defenders, successfully repelled the Ottoman forces in what became known as the Great Siege of Malta.
Golden Age of the Knights
Under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller, Malta experienced a period of prosperity and cultural flourishing. The knights built magnificent palaces, churches, and fortifications, including the iconic St. John’s Co-Cathedral in Valletta.
Decline and French Occupation
In the late 18th century, the power and influence of the Knights Hospitaller waned, and Malta fell under the control of Napoleon Bonaparte’s French forces in 1798. The French occupation marked the end of the medieval period in Maltese history.
British Rule and Independence (1798 – 1964)
British Protectorate
In 1800, Malta became a British protectorate under the Treaty of Amiens, following the expulsion of the French forces. British rule brought stability and modernization to Malta, with the construction of infrastructure and the establishment of institutions.
Strategic Importance
Malta’s strategic location in the Mediterranean made it a vital British naval base during the 19th and 20th centuries. The island played a crucial role in British military campaigns, including during World War I and World War II.
Independence Movement
The Maltese people agitated for self-governance and independence from British colonial rule in the 20th century. Political parties and nationalist movements, such as the Malta Labour Party and the Nationalist Party, campaigned for greater autonomy.
Independence and Republic
On September 21, 1964, Malta gained independence from British rule and became a sovereign state within the British Commonwealth. The country transitioned to a republic in 1974, with a president as the head of state.
Modern Malta (1964 – Present)
European Union Membership
In 2004, Malta joined the European Union (EU), ushering in a new era of economic integration and cooperation. EU membership has brought significant benefits to Malta, including access to European markets and funding for development projects.
Economic Development
Malta has experienced rapid economic growth and development in recent decades, driven by tourism, financial services, and manufacturing. The country has diversified its economy and attracted foreign investment, leading to improvements in living standards.
Cultural Renaissance
Malta has undergone a cultural renaissance, with a renewed interest in preserving and promoting its heritage. Valletta was designated as the European Capital of Culture in 2018, showcasing Malta’s vibrant arts scene and cultural diversity.
Multicultural Society
Malta is a multicultural society with a diverse population, including Maltese, British, Italian, and other ethnic groups. The country’s cultural landscape is enriched by its mix of traditions, languages, and cuisines.
Environmental Conservation
Malta faces environmental challenges, including overdevelopment, pollution, and habitat loss. Efforts to promote sustainable development, conservation, and renewable energy aim to preserve Malta’s natural beauty and biodiversity.
Global Engagement
Malta is an active participant in regional and international affairs, contributing to peacekeeping missions and humanitarian efforts. The country maintains diplomatic relations with countries around the world and hosts international conferences and summits.